Chandrashekhar Azad biography

 

Chandrashekhar Azad

Born - July 23, 1906 in Bhavra, Madhya Pradesh

Died - February 27, 1931, happened in Allahabad.

Chandrashekhar Azad, the name of such a personality, on hearing which the British officers would have gone to the ground.  They roamed around without fear, carrying their lives on their palms, carrying out revolutionary activities fearlessly.  Who does not know such a son of Mother India.  Despite being such a great personality, he was very easy going and simple in nature.  Personally he was a dutiful, straight, honest and honest person.  There was no pride in them at all (less only) and they sacrificed everything for the service of the country.

Swami Chandra Shekhar Azad of the great revolutionary ideology was born on 23 July 1906 in a tribal village Bhawra.  His father was Pt. Sitaram Tiwari and mother was Jagrani Devi.  Being brought up among the Bhil boys, Azad had become proficient in targeting in his childhood.  Since childhood, Azad was a skilled sniper and of a fearless nature.

The spirit of patriotism was filled in the mind of Azad.  At the age of 15, he was arrested for the first and last time during the non-cooperation movement.  He had vowed not to be arrested by the British while he was alive and fulfilled this oath till his death.  He used to say, "I am free, I will remain free."  He hated the British rule and preferred the path of strong revolution to get freedom from them.

Bhagat Singh was one of his dearest associates.  He loved Bhagat very much and did not want to lose him under any circumstances.  Bhagat Singh was arrested after the assembly bombing and was sentenced to death along with his associates Rajguru and Sukhdev.  To stop this punishment, Azad went to Allahabad to meet Pt. Nehru ji on 27 February 1931, during this time, on the information of an informer, the police surrounded this great revolutionary in Alfred Park and asked to surrender.  Azad faced an encounter with the policemen for about an hour and committed suicide by killing himself with the last bullet of his gun.  In this way, the god of this revolution made a complete sacrifice of himself in the Havan of 'Freedom Struggle' on 27 February 1931.

Birth and family status
Chandra Shekhar Azad, who believed in strong revolution, was born on 23 July 1906 in Bhawra village (present-day Alirajpur) in Madhya Pradesh.  His father Pt. Sita Ram Tiwari was a staunch lover of Sanatan Dharma.  His father's native village was Kanpur, but his teenage years were spent in Badar village of Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur.  Tiwari's family was not very prosperous.  Sometimes they had to starve for several days.  Due to severe famine in Unnao district, with the help of one of his relatives (Hazari Lal), Tiwari ji along with his wife came to Alirajpur and from here to Bhavra village.  There were three marriages of Pt. Sitaram.  His third marriage was to Jagrani Devi.  Azad was their fifth child.  Before the birth of Azad, his mother's three children had died.  He also had an elder brother, Sukhdev.

early life
Azad's early life was challenging.  His family condition was not good.  Due to lack of family, he had to starve for two days.  Chandra Shekhar was very weak but very beautiful in childhood.  His childhood was spent with Bhils.  This is the reason that he became a skilled sniper at a very young age.  Azad was very courageous and fearless since childhood.  He did not have much interest in reading and writing.

They would go out into the jungles with their comrades and play the game of robber and police.  Azad was very dear to his mother.  He was also very afraid of his father.  Once Azad stole some fruits from the garden and sold it, which his father used to guard.  Pt. Sitaram was very idealistic, when he came to know about this, he beat Azad as much as he could, and when Chandrashekhar's mother tried to save him, he also pushed her aside and thrashed Chandrashekhar.  Destroyed.  This was the reason that Azad used to shy away from his father very much.

elementary education
Chandrashekhar's early education started at home.  He had no special interest in studies.  His father's close friend Pt. Manohar Lal Trivedi took the responsibility of his studies.  He used to make him and his brother (Sukhdev) do the work of teaching and also used a cane when he made a mistake.  Chandrashekhar's parents wanted to make him a scholar of Sanskrit, but by the time he came to class four, his mind was determined to run away from home.  They just kept looking for opportunities to escape from home.  In the 

meantime, Manoharlal got a simple job in his tehsil so that his mind could get away from the things here and there and it would also help in some financial help of the house.  But Shekhar was not interested in the job.  He just kept thinking of ways to leave this job.  The spark of patriotism was burning inside him.  Here the spark was slowly taking the form of fire and they were just trying to escape from the house.  One day Azad ran away from home after getting a suitable opportunity.

Chandrashekhar's escape to Bombay

Azad befriended a pearl seller in Alirajpur, who told interesting stories about Shekhar Kollam and inspired him to move to Bombay.  With his help, Shekhar was able to escape from home to Bombay.  But in 'Bombay' they got lost and Shekhar was left alone.  He stayed there for a few days and did the work of painting the ship on the beach, and earned his living.  But soon he got bored with the life there and came to Banaras without a ticket in a train to Benares.  Due to lack of some special investigation, they reached Banaras easily.

Chandrashekhar's arrival in Banaras

Leaving the boring life of Bombay, Shekhar came to Benares and started his education again.  Here he started studying Sanskrit after taking admission in a charitable institution.  Here Shekhar made an in-depth study of Laghukaumudgi and Amarkosha.  Along with studies, the feeling of patriotism was also being awakened in Azad.  Wherever in Kashi there was a saint, Shekhar used to go there and listen to the stories of Veer Ras with great love.  During this time he went to the library, read newspapers and kept information about national movements.  After getting settled in Banaras, Chandrashekhar informed his house and asked the family members to remain calm.  His parents were somewhat satisfied with this information.

These days the non-cooperation movement was in full swing, there were dharnas and demonstrations from place to place.  The spark of patriotism that had been burning in Chandra Shekhar's mind since childhood got air and took the form of fire.  In 1921, he also took out a procession with 15-20 students by gathering them and marching in the main streets of Banaras with the slogans “Vande Mataram”, “Bharat Mata Ki Jai”, “Inquilab Zindabad”, “Mahatma Gandhi Ki Jai”.  Walk around cheering.  All of them were between 13 and 15 years old.  The procession of little children was progressing with great enthusiasm and enthusiasm, which was led by Chandrashekhar himself.

When the police came to know about this, a contingent of police came to stop the procession, seeing that some children went here and there and a couple of accomplices including the leader were arrested.  This was the time when Chandrashekhar came in the custody of the police for the first and last time.  The child Chandrashekhar was produced before the judge in the court, but still there was no trace of fear in him.  He met Parsi magistrate Mr.  The questions asked by Khareghat were answered in this way:-

What is your name? - asked the magistrate.

The boy said boldly in a loud voice-

Freedom.

The judge stared at the boy from top to bottom and asked another question,

What is your father's name"

The boy replied in the same posture-

Independent

The judge was enraged by his answer and filled with anger asked the third question-

where is your home

 The boy said with the same courage-

 jail house

The judge was furiously enraged by these answers of Chandrashekhar and sentenced this little boy, who was crazy about freedom, to a severe punishment of 20 whips.  Hearing the punishment, Shekhar was not scared at all and he shouted Bharat Mata.

He was brought to jail for flogging and he started being tied, so he asked to be whipped without binding.  At this time he was only 15 years old.  When he was constantly being attacked mercilessly with whips, he stood still and kept shouting slogans of 'Bharat Maa Ki Jai' and 'Inquilab Zindabad' after every whip.  They raised slogans with the same loudness and courage as they were beaten up.

He fainted on the last whip and still he did not give up.  His whole body was full of whips, yet without groaning in pain, he got up and walked towards his house.  Seeing his courage, all the people present there pressed their fingers under their teeth.

The news of this incident spread like fire in the whole of Banaras, and a crowd of people gathered to see them.  After this incident, his name was 'Azad', and preparations were being made to honor him.  An article in the name of 'Veer Balak Azad' was also published in his praise in the magazine "Maryada" edited by Dr. Sampoornanand.

Why Republic Day is celebrated in India

Preparations were being made for Azad's public felicitation.  The reception was chock full.  People were getting very eager to see that brave boy.  Azad came in the meeting shouting slogans like Bharat Mata ki Jai, Vande Mataram etc., which created more enthusiasm among the people and they started shouting slogans of Azad ki Jai.  When Azad came to the meeting, he was so small that people could not even see him.  So he was made to stand on a table, people welcomed him with garlands of flowers.  His whole body was covered with flowers.  He gave a passionate speech at this ceremony.  The next day many articles of his phenomenal courage were published in the magazines.  His courage was discussed throughout Banaras and he became very dear to the people of Banaras.

Perhaps this would be the incident after which Azad would have vowed never to be caught by the police if he had won.

Admission in Kashi Vidyapeeth and joining revolutionary organization

Azad took admission in Kashi Vidyapeeth to study further.  Heard the praise of his courage from everyone's mouth here.  Wherever he went, on seeing him, the children and students present there used to talk about his courage in jail.  Everyone gives him a lot of respect.  All this was a completely new and special experience for Azad.

Azad wrote his name to study, but he did not feel like studying at all.  Now, whatever they did, they had to drive the British out of their country.  He used to read his course books less controversial literature and more.  Gradually, he started making contact with other students having the same spirit as him.

The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji after the Chauri-Chaura incident.  But the revolutionaries were engaged in their activities.  Azad had little faith in Gandhian policy and whatever little he had, it was also not due to him withdrawing the non-cooperation movement.  He was completely in favor of a strong revolution.

At the same time, Shachindranath Sanyal, who had come out of Andaman, had established the revolutionary party, after which the Anushilan Samiti was established, which was headed by Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya.  This Anushilan Samiti established 'Kalyan Ashram' in Banaras.  All these organizations were merged to form a joint team because their objectives were the same.  The name of this joint party was named "Hindustani Republican Association".

The movement in Banaras was led by Shachindranath, Bakshi, Rajendra Lahiri and Rabindra Mohan Sarkar.  These people included Azad in the party.  At first Azad was an ordinary member and later he became most famous for his integrity and his tireless work.  He was very smart in selecting the new members of the team.  He used to test any new member thoroughly on the parameters set by him before joining the team.  He used to go deep into his feelings, then he used to make someone a member of the team.

Strengthening the organization by inducting new members into Hindustan Republican

As soon as he joined the organization, Azad gradually left the worries of home-door, parents, hunger and thirst.  He just kept thinking to strengthen the organization as a whole.  His only goal now was to include suitable youth in the team.  He always kept thinking to implement the plans of the party into action.

In giving the party the form of an organization, Azad showed his ability unmatched.  This ability of Azad can be gauged from the fact that he not only rekindled the fire of revolution in the heart of Swami Govind Prasad (Ramakrishna Khatri), who had taken complete detachment from the world, but also included him in the organization.

Connecting Ramakrishna Khatri to the organization

Ramakrishna Khatri was the leader of the militant nationalist party of the Congress.  But now he was completely detached from the world and was leading the life of Swami.  Azad and other members of the organization wanted to give a new direction to the party with his ideas by including him in their party.  But to include Swamiji, who had become detached from the world, was a big challenge in itself.

Azad himself took this responsibility and reached Swamiji's house with his companion Upendranand Brahmanand.  Swamiji was ill at that time.  His friend introduced Chandrashekhar as a follower of Gandhiji.  From that day onwards, Azad started serving the ailing Swamiji.  As a rule, they started spending three to four hours with him.  As a result of Azad's service and care, Swamiji slowly started recovering and both of them started arguing on political issues.

Chandrashekhar used to provoke Khatri by taking Gandhi's side in this debate.  Khatri was anti-Gandhi, he was against Gandhi's withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, he would argue with Azad on this matter, but he would simply take his side by justifying Gandhi's decision and instigate Swamiji more.  When Chandrashekhar was determined that Khatri is still a supporter of the same radical ideology and is eager to join the revolutionary party, then one day when he came to meet him, he gave a piston in his hand, seeing that Khatri  It was understood that he was getting his service from no one else but from Azad for so many days.  Similarly, with his wisdom, many youths were connected with his organization.

Financial problem facing the organization and its solution

Azad created such a big organization with his efforts, but now the biggest problem in front of him was to collect money for the organization.  The main reason for the emergence of economic problems was that all the people of the organization were not businessmen and employed.  All the members involved in the organization were such that they were ready to sacrifice everything and serve Mother India.  So there was no fixed source of income.  Sometimes a small amount of money was received from any person or social organization in the form of donation, but it was not enough for the organization.  In such a situation, without funds, the organization was failing to implement its plans.  If someone was directly asked for donations for the organization, then there was a fear of breach of the confidentiality of the party.

Azad was not worried about his starvation because he had grown up in such conditions that if he did not get food even for four or five days, it did not matter, but the work of the organization should not stop.  He cared more about his companions than himself.  To collect money for the party, Azad changed many forms, made many efforts but to no avail.  In order to collect money, any member would have followed the path shown by him, but did not get any success.

A meeting was organized to advise regarding the economic condition of the party.  Chandrashekhar Azad, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, Manmanath Gupta, Shachindra Nath Bakshi, Ashfaqulla Khan and Ramkrishna Khatri participated in this meeting.  With the consent of all, the work of robbing the houses of the wealthy landlords of the village was started.

After this decision, many attempts were made to commit dacoity, most of which were unsuccessful and some were even successful.  But even these robberies would have collected very little money which was not sufficient for the organisation.  After these efforts failed, the plan to collect money by raiding the village was canceled as it was adversely affecting the prestige of the party and the profit was getting very less.  So now it was decided that now only railways and banks should be robbed and government property should be looted.

Kakori incident (9 August 1925)
All the members of the revolutionary party agreed that there is more benefit in looting the government treasury only.  By 1925, the organization had also become strong and its work had also accelerated.  Meanwhile, at the end of July, information was received that a stock of pistols is coming from Germany, which has to be bought by paying cash before reaching the port of Calcutta.  For this money was needed which could be obtained only by loot.  Due to this the Kakori incident started.

Asfaqullah Khan opposed this plan because he believed that the organization was not yet strong enough to directly challenge the government and the plan to loot the exchequer is to directly challenge the government.  This plan of robbing the railways may endanger the existence of the organization.  But even after his opposition, this motion was passed with a majority.

Azad used to be in the forefront to do such works.  Seeing his enthusiasm, energy and fearlessness, Ramprasad Bismil gave him the title of "Quick Silver i.e. Pare. No matter how difficult the task was, he was always at the forefront.  He used to jokingly say that “I was fed lion meat as a child.”  Although this was not true, but he actually had the same boldness and courage as a lion.

Draft plan of Kakori incident and its implementation

First it was decided where to rob the car.  In the beginning of the plan, it was decided that when the train is parked at a station, then the treasure bags should be looted, but later on reconsidering this plan, this plan did not seem appropriate and it was decided to pull the chain of the moving train.  The car should be stopped at a secluded place and then the treasury should be looted.

Ramprasad Bismil, Shachindranath Bakshi, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashfaq and Rajendra Lahiri were mainly involved in this plan.  Shachindra Nath got three tickets from a village named Kakori for the second class 8 down train going from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow and sat in the second class compartment with Rajendra and Ashfaq.  The rest of the companions came and sat in the third class compartment.  As soon as the car approached the signal, Bakshi pointed to the companions and Ashfaq and Rajendra pulled the chain of the 

car. The car stopped.  When the train stopped, the guard asked the reason, he told that our jewelry box was left at the station itself and saying this he went close to the guard.  His purpose of approaching the guard was to take him in his possession and reach the government treasury as the treasury was in his box.  Taking him into custody, Ashfaq did the work of breaking the vault and Bismil took over the main leadership.

After breaking the safe, they hid all the money in the bag and went to the nearby forests.  Hiding from there, they all reached Lucknow.  This scandal became a question of the prestige of the British rule and they started the work of finding these revolutionaries everywhere but without success.  Big posters were put up on every street, every station to catch Azad and all his companions also left Lucknow in disguise one by one.

Ferrari's life after the Kakori incident
Ferrari's the Kakori incident, the story of this incident was in the headlines of every newspaper.  Due to this the people of the organization had to move here and there.  Seeing the seriousness of the situation, Azad also went to Banaras after asking his companions to go to his village Bhavra.  This habit was in Azad from the beginning, he often did not go to the place where he asked to go, saying that he would go somewhere else, he used to go to some other place.  This was the reason why the police could not arrest him.  Azad was very adept at dodging the police and escaping.

When Azad went to Banaras and saw that the police was heavily guarded there too, he did not consider it appropriate to stay there and came to Jhansi.  Bakshi had already reached here under the policies of the party.  Azad also reached near them while hiding.  He stayed with Rudra Narayan, a teacher in Jhansi.  In those days Master's house was the center of revolutionary activities.

Azad stayed there for a few days.  After this, to avoid the suspicion of the police, Master Rudradutt arranged for them to live in the guise of a celibate in a hut near the Hanuman temple on the banks of the Tarar river in the forest of Orchha.  This place was full of wild animals.  But he lived comfortably as a monk in the same hut without any fear.

A few days later, Rudradutt appointed him as an assistant to a motor driver.  Now Azad started learning to drive by staying there and even the police could not suspect him.  During this time he learned to drive a motor.

Azad used to roam from here to there disguised as fearlessly throwing dust in the eyes of the police.  CID to catch Chandrashekhar from place to place in Jhansi.  Raids were being conducted but the police were not able to catch them.  In the meantime, he escaped from there and came to Kanpur.

Azad meeting Bhagat Singh

After the Kakori incident, Azad, escaping from the police, first went to Jhansi and then to Kanpur Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.  The students were very generous to the revolutionaries.  He was very happy to meet Azad.  In those days, the article 'Pratap' edited by the student was being published at a very good level.  Through the publication of this letter, by publishing articles against the British easily, the general public was made aware of the real condition of the nation.

The majesty of Vidyarthi ji on the one hand and the group of youths ready to die for their country on the other hand were becoming a thorn in the eyes of the British government.  Meanwhile, the student received a letter from Bhagat Singh from Lahore that he wanted to work as an assistant to Pratap.  Replying to this letter at the earliest, he invited Bhagat to come to Kanpur.  His main purpose of inviting Bhagat to come so quickly was to get the meeting of two great personalities ready to sacrifice themselves on the altar of revolution.

Bhagat Singh wanted to meet Azad long ago.  Both of them were familiar with each other's ideology and wanted to meet each other.  Bhagat Singh had already received the form of Hindustani Prajatantra Dal and, being very much blown away by his objectives, was eager to meet Azad.  Ganeshshankar was already familiar with this wish of Bhagat, so how could he let this opportunity pass through his hands.  He extended an invitation to take over the job at the earliest.

Bhagat Singh immediately left for Kanpur on this invitation.  His invitation filled him with a new glimmer of hope.  Seeing his enthusiasm, the student hugged him and started working in the editing department of Bhagat Pratap as Balwant.  It was here that he introduced Bhagat to Azad, describing the situation at that time in this way: "What a coincidence that two crazy people, who have been eager for each other's interview and cooperation.  are present in front of each other."  Within no time both of them got acquainted with each other as if they had known for years.  At this time both needed each other to carry forward the revolutionary organization

The plan to escape the accused of Kakori case (case) from jail

Efforts were made to reunite the scattered revolutionary party.  The problem with this was that the main leaders of the party were in jail.  So Azad and Bhagat together made a plan to get the accused of Kakori incident out of jail.  But this plan did not succeed and the accused of Kakori case were sentenced to death after running the case for about 18 months.  The accused included Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh and Ashfaq Ullah Khan.  The news of the execution spread anger among the public and the public demanded the cancellation of the death sentence.  On this, the dates of execution were postponed twice but the death penalty was not postponed.

Rajendra Lahiri was first hanged in Gonda jail on 17 December 1927.  After this, on December 19, Ramprasad Bismil was hanged in Gorakhpur, Thakur Roshan Singh in Allahabad and Ashfaq Ullah Khan in Faizabad.  Azad was shocked by this incident and started thinking afresh on his plans.

Reorganization of Revolutionary Party and protest against Simon Commission

On 8 December 1928, a meeting of major revolutionaries was held under the chairmanship of Chandrashekhar Azad in the Khandron of Firoz Shah.  In this meeting a committee of seven members was formed.  This committee included – Sardar Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Phanindranath Ghosh, Shivvarma, Kundan Lal and Vijay Kumar.

Chandrashekhar Azad was the president of the entire organization, along with this he was specially elected the leader of the army department.  The name of the party was changed from Hindustan Republican Association to Hindustan Socialist Republican Army.  Bomb making factories were opened in many places on behalf of the party and bomb factory centers were established.  These centers were established in Agra, Lahore, Saharanpur and Calcutta.  It was also decided in this meeting that only those matters would be given priority in the party which would be of public importance as this would make the party popular among the masses and it would be successful in clarifying the objectives of the party.

At the same time, incidentally there was a protest against the coming of Simon Commission in India.  Movements were being organized by the public against the Simon Commission.  It was a golden opportunity for Azad and his party.  The prominent leaders of the party convinced Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai to lead the movement.  When the Simon Commission reached India on 20 October 1928, a massive procession was taken out in protest against this commission.  The command of its leadership was in the hands of Lala Lajpat Rai

and the youth of the party were carrying forward the protest rally by forming a strong cordon around them, as well as an umbrella was placed over them to protect them from any kind of crisis.  Meanwhile, the Superintendent of Police, Stock ordered a lathi charge.  Then Lala ji's umbrella was broken due to the blow of Saunders' stick and his shoulder got hurt.  Young men still present around them with great enthusiasm were ready to carry forward the procession.  But Lala ji ordered him that - "The mujahira should be put to death in the face of this brutal act of the police."  On his statement the performance was adjourned.

Lala Lajpar Rai gave a speech in the evening meeting.  In this speech, he said while addressing the public – The government which attacks the people with cruelty will not be able to last long…. I challenge today that each and every one of the sticks on me was attacked by the British Government.  will become the nail of the shroud."

After this tragic attack, Rai could not recover and he died on 17 November 1928.  The whole of India was plunged into mourning.  Azad's party decided to avenge the death of Punjab Kesari.  The team decided to kill the police officer who attacked Lala Lajpat Rai.  Azad, Bhagat, Rajguru and Jaigopal were appointed for this task.  Together, on 17 December 1928, giving the answer of brick with stone, Saunders was put to death.

dodge the police
After the murder of Saunders, there was a stir in the police administration.  Punjab Police was searching for the killers like crazy all around.  CIDs all over Punjab  A trap was laid but none of these four came.  In the evening, the members of the party gathered secretly to discuss amongst themselves.  At that time the party did not have enough money to solve the problem of food.  Azad brought ten rupees from somewhere and after feeding everyone, planned ahead and everyone was ordered to go separately.

The biggest problem was to send Bhagat Singh out of Lahore because a soldier had seen him while firing.  For this, Azad and Sukhdev made a plan that Bhagat should be sent out with Durga Bhabhi.  Changed his disguise and gave him the form of an Englishman, and Durga Bhabhi went with him as his meme, as well as Rajguru joined him as his servant.  In this way he succeeded in getting Bhagat out of Lahore.  In the second compartment of the same car in which these three were traveling, Azad was also sitting in the disguise of a Mahatma so that he could handle the situation in case of any disturbance.  In this way the police just kept on sifting through and these great patriots came out from under his nose.

bomb blast in assembly
After the murder of Saunders, this party became the favorite of the public and they started getting donations easily.  The problem of financial crisis was overcome, easily the objectives of the party started being fulfilled.  In this sequence, the team opened a bomb making factory in Agra and the work of making bombs started here.  Now the party decided to do something big so that two tasks can be accomplished simultaneously 

First the public should be aware of the objectives of their party and secondly, by intimidating the British rule, free India.  For this, Bhagat Singh gave the decision to throw a bomb at Asmbeli in the party meeting.  Everyone agreed on this.  The names of Azad and Bhagat Singh were proposed for this work, but both of them were necessary to survive for the future of the party.  So it was decided to leave Bhagat and Batukeshwar Dutt.

Azad wanted that the bomb should be thrown away, while Bhagat Singh was in favor of getting arrested and making his point known to the public.  Because he believed that by throwing empty bombs and by blowing pamphlets, his objectives could not be reached to the public.  For this, getting arrested and telling your motives in court is a more appropriate solution.  Chandrashekhar Azad was not in favor of this.  They wanted that the bomb should be thrown away and the fire of revolution should be spread among the common people through secret contacts.  On 

Bhagat did not listen to them, in compulsion, the party also had to obey Bhagat.  The biggest reason Azad emphasized was that he had great affection for Bhagat and did not want to do any harm to the party by losing him at any cost.  But he did not walk in front of Bhagat and he had to give his consent even if he did not want to.  Azad was very sad that his mood could be understood from his words - "Is it my job as a general to gather new comrades, to introduce them, to increase affection and intimacy, and then by handing them over to death, I am as good as I am. Let me sit.

After the assembly scandal, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were sentenced to death.  Azad was deeply saddened by this decision.  He formed an organization in Bombay to get Bhagat out of jail.  There, meeting Prithviraj, giving him the responsibility of leading the organization in Bombay, he himself started trying to free Bhagat Singh and his companions.  To make this effort successful, Azad had sent Sushila Didi (Azad's associate) and Durga Bhabhi to Gandhi

He had sent a proposal to Gandhi in which he said that if Gandhiji could get the hanging of Bhagat Singh and Dutt removed and withdraw the ongoing cases, then Azad could also hand over himself along with his party to Gandhiji, then  Whatever they want to do.  Azad agreed to dissolve the party.  He did not get any satisfactory answer from Gandhi too, which caused great disappointment to the party, yet the efforts were continued.

The absconding life after the murder of Saunders
Azad had lived the life of a very long fugitive.  He was absconding since September 26, 1925.  After the murder of Saunders on 17 December 1928, the noose was ready for him.  But the police could not arrest them.  In Ferrari life, while walking on the road or traveling in a train, it was strictly forbidden to do such actions that would make anyone aware of his political interest.  While traveling in the car, the revolutionaries used to spend their time in simple tales, or would spend their time reading a novel by taking it.  An interesting anecdote from his Ferrari life is as follows – “Azad, Rajguru and Bhagwan Das were going to Mahour.  To pass the time and to avoid doubt, Azad asked Bhagwan Das to sing.  Bhagwandas used to sing well.

Bhagwan Das started singing and Azad gave his praise.  Rajguru also kept praising him for some time, but as soon as the car entered the border of Bundelkhand, Rajguru's eyes went on those small maris built on the hills, in the same way Rajguru gestured and said, 'Pandit ji (Azad)  How suitable is this place for guerrilla fighting.  

Azad deliberately ignored his words and paid attention to other things.  But Rajguru was engrossed in his own tune, he again said – the place Shivaji had chosen was also of a similar type.  This time Azad said with annoyance – of your Shivaji. Then Rajguru understood what he was doing.  After reaching Jhansi, addressing Rajguru with love, he said – Brother-in-law, today you abused Shivaji from me.

To nab Chandrashekhar, the police was trying hard on the heels.  The government was doing everything possible to nab them.  The police were after them after washing their hands, various rewards were declared to catch them.  But imprisoning Azad is not a child's play, he had vowed not to be imprisoned while he was alive.  Special police arrangements were made to nab them in Kanpur, Banaras, Jhansi and Delhi.  Persons who recognized him were posted at these places.  Still, Azad used to run away throwing dust in his eyes.  Sometimes they would go out in front of the police and the policemen did not even know.

Azad's specialty was that he did not go anywhere on the date he was asked to go.  This was the reason why they did not get caught by the police.  The second reason was that he was adept at disguise.  Whenever he traveled he would do it in disguise.  Do not go to the place where you are asked to go and go somewhere else.  So no one could inform him and he would have managed to escape.  He also met Bhagat Singh in his Ferrari life.  During these days, he would work to strengthen his organization.

Azad's personality
Azad was rich in great personality.  He was a man of discipline.  Everyone was impressed by his sacrifice, personality, passion, talent, spontaneity, courage and character.  He was a person who followed his discipline.  He followed complete celibacy.  He did not like that any person of his organization should insult women.  He himself had great respect for women.  His order in the party was that no person should cast an evil eye on a woman, if anyone did this, he would first become a victim of his bullet.

He was tough in nature and easy going.  His living condition was very simple.  Liked the food completely dry.  Khichdi was his favorite food.  He did not spend even a single rupee on himself.  He neither cared about his name nor about his family.  Once Bhagat Singh had asked him with a lot of insistence that - "Pandit ji, tell me so much, where is your house and who is there

so that in future we can help them when they need it, then the countrymen should be made a martyr.  to be properly introduced."  On hearing this, Azad said angrily – “I do not want my name to be written in history, nor do the family members need anyone’s help.  Now this thing should never come in front of me.  I am not hungry for name, fame and help like this.”  Because of this personality of Azad, everyone's head bows in reverence for him.

Once upon a time, there was a motor car of the party for arranging money for any work of the independent party, it had to be sold to solve the financial crisis.  The financial condition of Azad's parents was very pathetic, but Azad, who was ready to die on the country, had no time to worry about the family.  When Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi came to know about that condition of his parents, he gave 200 rupees to Azad and asked him to send it to his family members.  But Azad spent this money in the work of the party.

When the student asked about sending money again, Azad laughed and said – “Two pistol bullets are enough for those old-aged people.  Student ji, there are lakhs of families in this country who do not get bread even at one time.  My parents get food once in two days.  They may starve, but will not allow party members to starve for money.  Even if my parents die of hunger, this will not cause any harm to the country.  Saying this he went free and the student was only left looking at him with

astonished eyes.  Such was the great revolutionary Azad who did not spend even a single rupee of the party on himself.  There was never any kind of greed nor pride in the mind of this great revolutionary.  He did not lose his composure even in adverse circumstances.  No matter how dire the situation, Azad never fell into addiction.  Even in Bombay, he never consumed meat-liquor while working with ship-painters.  Even if someone told him, he would have naturally refused.  Azad was a staunch Brahmin

He always kept away from intoxicants like meat, alcohol and cigarettes, but sometimes he used to pretend to smoke cigarettes to avoid the police.  Although later, on the insistence of Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries, he started eating raw eggs, but he never ate meat.  Followed celibacy for life and always respected women.  Like Azad's work, his personality was also very great.

Dissolution of the party (4 September 1930)
After the Assembeli bombing incident, arrests of revolutionaries were made from place to place.  Some surrendered themselves, some became police informers, some became government witnesses and some died in police encounters.  In this way, Azad was deeply pained due to betrayal by some of the party members.  He was saddened even before Bhagat's arrest and the betrayal of some members made him absolutely unbearable.  Due to all these incidents, Azad decided to disband the party.

On the afternoon of 4 September 1930, he gathered the remaining revolutionaries and held a meeting and ordered the dissolution of the party.  Thus the Central Assembly of Delhi was dissolved so that the parties could be reorganized afresh and work could be done on a fresh and new basis.  Along with this, all the members who were there were asked to work independently in their area and also said that whenever they feel their need, they can ask them for help.  With this decision, Azad left from there giving necessary weapons to all the chiefs of the area.

Azad's last years of life
After the dissolution of the party, Azad made his center in Prayag (Allahabad) and used to conduct his plans from here.  Azad lived with his few companions in the house of Laxmi didi in Katra locality of Allahabad.  Laxmi didi's husband was a colleague of Azad and was martyred during some revolutionary incident.  Laxmi didi was his wife

He ​​asked his wife to help the members of the team for life and when Azad decided to stay in Allahabad, Lakshmi didi opened the doors of his house to him.  Now his task was to protect the leader of the party.  In the form of a beggar, she would inform Azad by knowing the secrets of the police, CID, as well as cooking and feeding food for him and his companions.  She used to help as much as she could and tried her best to keep Azad safe along with his companions.

Meeting Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
There was a lot of uncertainty about the future in Azad's mind.  It was decided during the Round Table Conference that a compromise would be reached between the Congress and the British.  In such a situation, there were many questions in Azad's mind.  To solve the same questions, he first met Motilal Nehru but he died and no solution was found.  After this he went to meet Jawaharlal Nehru.  This meeting is described by Nehru in his autobiography "Meri Kahani", some excerpts of which are as follows:-

“Azad agreed to meet me that with our release from prison, there is a general hope that there is going to be some compromise between the government and the Congress.  He wanted to know that if there is an agreement, then the people of his party will also get any peace or not?  Will he still be treated like a rebel?  Will they be followed everywhere like this?  Will the reward for their ends keep on being announced?  Will the gallows always be hanging 

or will there be a possibility for them to engage in business peacefully?  He himself said that I and my comrades have been convinced that terrorist methods are absolutely useless, they are of no use.  Yes, he was also not ready to believe that India would get freedom only by peaceful means.  He said that there may be an opportunity for armed fighting in the future, but it will not be terrorism.

No one knows how much truth is there in this statement of Nehru, but one thing is very clear that Azad did not go to talk about himself but about his party comrades.  They wanted to convert Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev's death sentence to life imprisonment in the Round Table Conference by Gandhi because they knew that the condition of British rule is very weak at this time

and Congress's position is strong in front of it as well if  If Gandhi and Nehru want, they can also persuade the British by putting pressure on this matter.  They had already sent Sushila didi and Durga Bhabhi to talk to Gandhi on this issue, but they did not get any satisfactory answer, so they met Nehru to talk in this context.  There was a lot of anger with Jawaharlal Nehru on this matter and Azad left from there in anger.

Martyrdom (27 February 1931)
After meeting Nehru on the morning of 27 February 1931, Azad went out in a rage and went to Alfred Park to discuss some important issues with his friend Sukhdev.  At the same time, a treacherous became a police informer and informed about Azad being in Alfred Park.  On receiving the news of Azad being in Alfred Park, Police Inspector Vishweshwar Singh called S.  P. Not informed Babur and surrounded the park with the police force.  Azad was talking to Sukhdev, meanwhile a bullet hit Azad's thigh, while Azad retaliated, he punctures the tire of the police officer's car.

Azad drives away his fellow Sukhdev from there and takes charge himself.  Meanwhile, another bullet hits his right lung.  They face a completely bloodied police team.  They aim and shoot the not Babar and smash the motor of his car with a single bullet.  He did not fire any Indian soldier.  When hiding in the bush, S.  P. Visvesvaraya addressed him by abusing.  This self-respecting Azad did not tolerate and broke his abusive jaw in one shot.

Such a good shot that the CID's I.G.  Words came out of his mouth in praise too "Wonderful shot.  Blood-soaked Azad took the support of a tree and fought alone with the police force for about half an hour.  Even in such critical times, Azad remembered how many bullets he had spent.  He remembered that he had only one bullet left with him as well as his vow not to be imprisoned while he was alive.  Blood-soaked Azad held a pistol to his forehead and freed himself from all these shackles.  He himself made these words meaningful:-

We will face the bullets of the enemies, we are free, we are free, we will remain free.
Azad did not come in the captivity of the British while he was alive.  He was free and would remain free till his death.  His fear in the police was alive, but it did not subside even after his death.  When his body rolled down on the lifeless earth, no one dared to come near him for a long time.  Then an officer shot him in the leg to see whether he was actually dead or alive, with no response, the police officers went closer to his body.

Slowly the news spread like a fire that Azad was martyred in Alfred Park and a crowd gathered around the park to have the first and last glimpse of that great revolutionary.  The crowd was increasing on the crowd.  The noise and noise started increasing all around.  Fearing a riot, the police took away his body in a truck and after conducting his post-mortem, the last rites were performed at a secret place.

The next day, after selecting Azad's ashes, the youth took out a huge procession.  In the evening, a meeting was held to honor Azad's martyrdom and a heartfelt tribute was paid to him.  The British government could not kill Azad even after killing him.  Even on this victory she lost.  Azad who was martyred to awaken the light, the movement for independence got burnt in the mind of every young man of India and finally Azad's dream of independent India was fulfilled on 15 August 1947.

tribute to azad
After the death of Azad on 27 February, the great leaders of the country, while paying tribute to Azad, said: -

Pt. Madanmohan Malviya - Pandit ji's death is my personal loss.  I can never recover from this.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah - The country has lost a true soldier.

Mahatma Gandhi - I am hurt by the death of Chandrashekhar.  Such persons are born only once in an era.  Yet we must protest non-violently.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru – With the martyrdom of Chandrashekhar, the freedom movement in the whole country will be shaken in a new form.  India will always remember Azad's martyrdom.

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Bhagat Singh history - An example for every youth, his full name is Shaheed-e-Azam Amar Shaheed Sardar Bhagat Singh.

Bhagat Singh  

Born- 28 September 1907 was born in Punjab.

Died - 23 March, 1931, took place in E.Kolhaur

Bhagat Singh, the brave son of Mother India, was born on 28 September 1907 in a village named Baoli or Banga in the Lyallpur district of Punjab (present-day Pakistan).  He was born in a Sikh family.  His family was associated with Arya Samaj.  His father's name was Sardar Kishan Singh and mother's name was Vidyavati Kaur.  He had 5 brothers.  Bhagat Singh's family was already known for patriotism. His father had two brothers Sardar Ajit Singh and Sardar Swaran Singh. At the time of Bhagat Singh's birth, his father and both uncles were in jail. Bhagat also had patriotism.  The feeling was full from childhood itself.

Bhagat Singh's family perspective

The entire family of Bhagat Singh was painted in the colors of patriotism.  His grandfather Sardar Arjun Dev was a staunch opponent of the British.  Arjun Dev had three sons (Sardar Kishan Singh, Sardar Ajit Singh and Sardar Swaran Singh).  In all these three people were filled with the feeling of patriotism.  Bhagat Singh's uncle Sardar Ajit Singh, along with Lala Lajpat Rai, organized the anti-people movement in Punjab against the 

partition of 1905.  In 1907, there were strong reactions to the Third Regulation Act of 1818.  To suppress which the British government took strong steps and Lala Lajpat Rai and his uncle Ajit Singh were put in jail.  Ajit Singh was sent to Rangoon jail without trial.  In response to which Sardar Kishan Singh and Sardar Swaran Singh gave opposing speeches in the public, then the British put both of them in jail.

Not only Bhagat Singh's grandfather, father and uncle, his grandmother Jai Kaur was also a very brave woman.  She was a great supporter of Sufi saint Amba Prasad, one of the leading nationalists of India at that time.  Once when Sufi saint Amba Prasad ji was staying at Sardar Arjun Singh's house, during that time the police came to arrest him, but Bhagat Singh's grandmother Jai Kaur cleverly saved him.  If we study deeply about Bhagat Singh, then it is quite clear that Bhagat was deeply influenced by the immediate circumstances of that time and his family perspective.  It is a different matter that Bhagat Singh went two steps ahead of all this.

Early life and education

Bhagat Singh's early education took place in the school of his village Banga (Baoli).  He used to go to school with his elder brother Jagat Singh.  Bhagat Singh was loved by all the children of his school.  He used to easily make everyone his friend.  He was very much loved by his friends.  Sometimes his friends used to take him on his shoulders and come to drop him home.

But Bhagat Singh was not like other ordinary children, he often left the moving class and went out to the fields.  He loved the sound of the rivers, the chirping of birds.  Bhagat was very intelligent in reading.  He would never forget the lessons he once memorized.

For further studies of Bhagat Singh, he was admitted to Dayanand Anglo School.  From here he passed his matriculation.  At that time, the non-cooperation movement was at its peak, inspired by this movement, Bhagat left the school and started making the movement successful.  After this he took admission in the National College, Lahore.  He easily passed the examination conducted for admission in the school.  Here he met Sukhdev, Yashpal and Jaiprakash Gupta, who are considered to be his closest friends.  He completed his F.A. in 1923.  By passing B.  a.  Enrolled in the first year of  Bhagat Singh B.A.  I was studying when his family members started thinking about his marriage.  On this behavior of the family members, Bhagat left the house and left.

Impact of the then circumstances on Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was born at a time when there were movements all around for the independence of the country.  Everyone was opposing the British rule in his own way.  Born in such an environment, it was natural for Bhagat to be the most unique and talented.  He gave proof of this in his childhood itself.  Once, when mango trees were being sown in Bhagat Singh's fields, he was walking in the fields with his father.  Suddenly he left his father's finger and started planting the straws in the field. When his father asked him, Bhagat, what are you doing, he replied that I should use guns to liberate the country.  I'm sowing

Bhagat Singh was influenced by his uncle Sardar Ajit Singh.  Because among all his brothers, Ajit Singh was the owner of the most revolutionary ideas.  When he felt that he could not actively carry out his plans by staying in the country, he left India and started conducting his revolutionary activities from Bushahr in Iran.  The impression of his uncle on Bhagat Singh was different.

Bhagat Singh was at the age of 12 when the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in 1919.  This incident hurt his child's mind a lot.  He reached Jallianwala Bagh the next morning of the massacre and brought a glass vial filled with blood soaked in it and on the request of his sister Amrit Kaur, he brought that soil with him, showing that he had gone to the garden and took that vial.  Put flowers on it.  Bhagat Singh used to offer flowers to him every day as a rule.

Every member of the family in which Bhagat Singh was born was committed to fulfill his duties for Mother India.  His friends (colleagues) were also from the same background and his ideal leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai and Chandrashekhar Azad, so not expecting Bhagat to serve the country is dishonest in oneself.

Reasons for Bhagat Singh's inclination towards revolutionary activities
Bhagat Singh was 12 years old when the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) took place.  Which had a deep impact on the young mind of Bhagat.  And being hurt by this incident, a spark of strong revolution erupted in his mind.  When Bhagat was studying in class nine, he used to leave his studies and go to attend the sessions of Congress.  On the call of Gandhiji's non-cooperation movement, Bhagat Singh also organized D.A.V.  Left school and started actively participating in the movement.  He collected foreign clothes and goods from place to place with his companions and burnt their Holi and encouraged people to participate in the movement.

On 5 February 1922, Gandhiji announced the suspension of this movement due to the incident of the Akali Dal closing the policemen in the police station and setting it on fire.  The suspension of this movement discouraged Bhagat a lot and his little faith in Gandhian policies was also lost.  He followed revolutionary ideas in place of Gandhian principles and started liberating India.

After the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, Bhagat Singh studied the revolutions of Russia, Italy and Ireland in depth.  After this deep thought he came to the conclusion that freedom can be achieved through revolution.  Keeping this concept in mind, he organized the revolutionary youth by following the path of revolution.

Revolutionary Activities of Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh started participating in revolutionary activities from a very young age.  At the age of 13, he left school to make the non-cooperation movement a success.

After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement, Bhagat Singh participated in the movement of the Sikh community (Gurdwara Andolan).  This movement also succeeded.  But after the success of the Sikhs in this movement, the arrogance of orthodoxy and communal narrow-mindedness increased in them.  For this reason Bhagat Singh broke his relationship with it.

After the end of Gandhiji's movement in the year 1923-24, the enthusiasm of the people had cooled down, to awaken the spirit of independence again in the people, he started organizing plays with his companions Sukhdev and Yashpal.  His first theatrical performance was "Krishna Vijay", which was based on the legend of Mahabharata.  Somewhere in it, dialogues related to his patriotism were used by changing the dialogues.  The Kaurava side was presented as the British and the Pandavas as the Indians.

By 1923, by getting the membership of the revolutionary party, the famous revolutionary Shachindranath had become a special favor of Sanyal.

With the aim of dedicating himself to the service of the country, he left Lahore (home) in 1923 and went to Kanpur at the behest of Sanyal ji.

In order to complete his revolutionary activities, he changed his name to Balwant Singh and Ganesh Shankar 'Vidyarthi' got appointed in the editing department and stayed there for some time and started writing articles under this new name.

Six months later, upon hearing of his grandmother's ill-health, he returned home on the condition of not marrying.

King Ripudaman of Nabha organized a condolence meeting in protest against the gunfire and the monstrous lathi charge at Nankana Sahab, in which a condolence meeting was organized to celebrate the day of mourning of those martyrs.  Angered by this, the British removed him from the state and placed him under house arrest in Dehradun, due to which the Akalis took out groups to protest the injustice of the British.  One such group was about to leave from Bhagat Singh's village Banga and the government and the people of the

government were trying to prove these groups insignificant.  When Bahadur Dilbagh Singh had become Honorary Magistrate in those days, he declared that in this village, not even a dry leaf would be available to the group to eat and drink.  Sardar Kishan Singh had given the responsibility of welcoming these batches to Bhagat Singh.  The Bhagat started preparing to welcome the batches.  At the appointed time, he not only welcomed the batches with pomp, but also gave a speech after meeting to welcome them.  Despite Bhagat Singh being a minor, the government issued a warrant for his arrest.  Bhagat Singh was careful.  He fled after hearing this information.

After this incident Bhagat Singh moved from Lahore to Delhi and started writing his first name as 'Veer Arjun' from Balwant Singh.

Nine Jawan Bharat Sabha was formed in March 1926.

Organized a movement against Simon by preparing Lala Lajpat Rai to lead the protest against the Simon Commission.

In December 1928, Punjab-Kesari, the murder of police officer Saunders to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

Efforts to run away the accused of Kakori incident from jail.

He threw a bomb in the assembly on 8 April 1929 along with his companions Batukeshwar Dutt and Sukhdev.

Hunger strike on 15 June 1929 in favor of prisoners for equal treatment, food and other facilities to the prisoners.

refusal to marry
Bhagat Singh was very dear to his grandmother.  After the death of his brother (Jagat Singh), their love turned into infatuation.  At his behest, Sardar Kishan Singh fixed the marriage in a wealthy Sikh family of the neighboring village.  He was very happy the day the lucky ones came to see him.  Treated the guests with courtesy and even sent them off till Lahore.  But when he came back, he refused to marry.

(6 father made various excuses on asking the reason. Said I will not get married until I can stand on my feet, now my age is less  And I will get married at least from matriculation pass. Hearing his excuses like this, Kishan Singh said with apprehension that you will get married and this decision is the last decision. Their engagement has been fixed. Bhagat Singh will visit his father on the day of engagement  Leaving his name letter, he fled from Lahore to Kanpur. His words written in that letter are as follows:-

Hello dear father-

My life has become a waqf for the purpose of Amul i.e. Azadi-e-Hind.  That is why in my life worldly misery is not a vice.

You will remember that when I was young, Bapuji had announced at the time of my Yagyopaveet that Waqf has been done for Khidmate Vatan, so I am fulfilling the promise of that time.

I hope you will forgive me.

your subordinate

Bhagat Singh

When Bhagat returned home after this absconding, he got the news of his grandmother's illness.  At the same time, the family members promised not to insist on the marriage.  Bhagat came and did a lot of service to his grandmother, due to which his grandmother got well soon.

Formation of Naujawan Bharat Sabha (March 1926)
Bhagat Singh returned to Lahore and formed the Naujawan Bharat Sabha in the year 1926, which was another face of the Hindustan Socialist Praja Sangh.  This assembly was established to inculcate the spirit of militant nationalism.  The main facilitators of that meeting were Bhagwati Charan and Bhagat Singh.  Bhagat Singh became the general secretary and Bhagwati Charan became the propaganda secretary.

The main goals of setting it up were

Protecting Indian languages ​​and culture, promoting physical, mental health.

To remove the evils prevalent in the society.

Achieving political goals by reaching among the masses.
To establish a complete, independent republic of workers and peasants all over India.

To create a feeling of patriotism for the making of an Akhand Bharat Nation.

To sympathize with, support those economic, social, and industrial movements that are anti-communal and help in the realization of the ideal republican state of peasant workers.

Organizing farmers and laborers.

Bhagat Singh's Jail Journey (29 July 1927) and Life After Release
Bhagat Singh had returned from somewhere outside and had landed at Amritsar station.  Just a few steps ahead, he saw a soldier chasing him.  When he increased his steps, he also increased his speed.  Bhagat Singh walked in and a blind eye started between the two.  While running, he looked at the board of a house.  It was written on it – Sardar Sharduli Singh Advocate.  Bhagat went inside that house.  Lawyer Sahab was watching the file sitting on the table.  Bhagat told them the whole situation and took out his pistol and placed it on the table.  Lawyer Sahab put the pistol inside the table and ordered the servant to have breakfast.

After some time the policeman also reached there and asked the lawyer whether he had seen any Sikh youth running away.  The lawyer pointed towards Kirti's office.

Bhagat Singh stayed at Vakil Saheb's house for the whole day and reached Lahore at night from Chharata station.  When he was going home with the tonga, the police surrounded the tonga and arrested Bhagat.

The name of this arrest was something and the basis was something else.  Someone threw a bomb at the Dussehra fair in Lahore, killing 10-12 men and injuring more than 50.  This was called the Dussehra bombing incident and taking advantage of this opportunity, the British spread the rumor that this bomb was thrown by the revolutionaries.

On seeing it was the arrest of Dussehra bomb case, but in reality its purpose was to get information about the absconders of Kakori case and other related revolutionaries.  Despite police torture and thousands of attempts, Bhagat did not tell them anything.  Bhagat spent 15 days in the jail of Lahore and then sent him to the jail of Birstal.

Due to the legal proceedings of Sardar Kishan Singh, the police were compelled to produce Bhagat before the magistrate.  After a few weeks, he was released on bail as he could not get anything out of Bhagat Singh.  The bail amount of Bhagat Singh was 60 thousand which was in the headlines of the newspapers of that time.

After coming on bail, he did not do any such thing that his bail would be in danger and his family would be affected.  For him, his father got a dairy opened near Lahore.  Bhagat Singh now started looking after the dairy work and at the same time kept on carrying out revolutionary activities secretly.  Dairy would have been a dairy during the day and a haven of revolutionaries by night.  It was here that advice would be given and the fabric of plans would be woven.

Bhagat Singh was on bail.  To break this barrier, he kept on petitioning the government that "either prosecute Bhagat or end the bail".  The question was raised by Bodhraj in the Punjab Council regarding Bhagat's bail, on the same subject notice of Dr. Gopichand Bhargava, the government announced the termination of Bhagat's bail.

learn the art of making bombs
After the Saunders assassination, the organization started receiving donations.  Now Hinspras was looking for a man who was skilled in the science of making bombs.  At the same time in Calcutta, Bhagat Singh was introduced to Yatindra Das, who was skilled in the art of making bombs.  Upon finding a person making bombs, Bhagat Singh wished that one representative of each province should take this education so that bomb makers would not be rare in future.

In Calcutta, the work of making guncotton used for making bombs was done in the highest cell of the Arya Samaj temple in Cornwallis Street.  Phanindra Ghosh, Kamal Nath Tiwari, Vijay and Bhagat Singh were present among those who learned this art at that time.

After learning to make bombs in Calcutta, the goods were sent to Agra in two units.  In Agra, two houses were arranged, one in the asafetida market and the other in the barber's market.  Sukhdev and Kundal Lal were also called to teach the art of making bombs in the barber market.

The plan and implementation of the bombing of the assembly
The idea of ​​throwing bombs in the assembly was in Bhagat's mind from the time of the National College and he had prepared the outline of the work when he was going from Calcutta to Agra.  In order to make this plan work, Jaidev Kapoor was engaged in connecting such reliable sources in Delhi so that whenever he wants, he can get the pass to go to the assembly.  With these dice, Bhagat, Azad and many other companions went there and made a complete outline from where the bomb should be thrown and where it should fall.

After this plan three questions arose.  The questions were when to throw the bomb, who to throw it, and after throwing the bomb, run away or be arrested.  Azad wanted that it was right to run away after throwing a bomb because after going to the meeting and looking at all the routes, he understood that throwing a bomb could easily run away.  His plan was to keep the motor outside and easily drive away the bombers.

But Bhagat Singh was in favor of being arrested.  He wanted to make the 'Gupta Movement' a movement of the people.  He believed that arrest should be made and through trial the public should be made aware of their views.  Because things that cannot be said like this can be said openly in court during the trial.  And those things will be presented by making newspaper headlines.  So that your message can be easily conveyed to the masses.

Bhagat Singh had a plan to throw bombs in the assembly, so everyone knew that throwing bombs would also go the same way.  When Vijay Kumar Sinha supported Bhagat in the meeting, the importance of his talk increased even more.

All these things were happening that the news was received that the Viceroy had accepted the invitation of the official people of the Assembly to feast on the day of Holi.  On this information, it was immediately decided in the assembly that the Viceroy should be attacked only.  Rajguru, Jaidev Kapoor and Shiv Varma were appointed for this task.  When, how, where to throw the bomb on the Viceroy, everything was decided.  But this plan failed as the Viceroy did not follow the prescribed path.  After this it was decided to throw a bomb on the assembly again.

The Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill were to be introduced in the Central Assembly.  In which the purpose of the first bill (Public Safety Bill) was to thwart the movements within the country and the purpose of the second bill (Trade Disputes Bill) was to deprive the workers of the right to strike.  Bhagat Singh decided to throw a bomb in the assembly on this occasion and it was decided to throw pamphlets along with it to make his objective clear.

On 8 April 1929, when the Viceroy's announcement was about to be announced, it was decided to throw bombs on both the bills.  All the companions of Hinpras were ordered to leave Delhi.  Only Shiv Varma and Jaidev Kapoor had to stay in Delhi.  Jai Dev Kapoor made both (Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt) sit at a place from where the bomb could be easily thrown without harming anyone.

As soon as the bill was declared to have been passed by the Viceroy of Privileges, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt stood in their places and continuously threw two bombs one after the other, and with those bombs pamphlets of their objectives in the meeting, gallery and audience gallery.  Throw it too.  There was chaos all around in the assembly.  When the black smoke after the detonation of the bomb cleared, the hall was empty.  Only three people – Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, Motilal Nehru and Mohammad Ali Jinnah – were sitting among the members.  And Batukeshwar Dutt and Bhagat Singh stood in their place.  After throwing the bomb, he enthusiastically raised the slogan Inquilab Zindabad!  Imperialism should be destroyed."

After Bhagat Singh and Dutt surrendered they were taken to the Delhi Police Station.  One of the pamphlets thrown by him was cleverly picked up by the Hindustan Times correspondent and also printed in the evening's edition.  When Bhagat and Dutt were asked to give statements in the Kotwali, both of them refused saying that whatever we have to say, we will say it in the court itself.  Police put him in Delhi Jail.

Legal proceedings and punishment after the arrest of Bhagat and Dutt
After his arrest, on 24 April 1929, he wrote a letter to his father.  On 3 May 1929, he met his father Kishan Singh.  Asafali Vakil Sahab also came with his father.  Sardar Kishan Singh was in favor of fighting the case in full force and manner in the defense, but Bhagat Singh did not agree with this decision of his father.  Bhagat ji asked Asafali ji some laws and the conversation ended at that time.

On 7 May 1929, the trial started in the jail itself in the court of Mr. Poole, who was then the Additional Magistrate.  But Bhagat Singh firmly said that we will present our side in front of the Sessions Judge only.  For this reason, his case under Section 3 of the Indian Law, the Sessions Judge Mr.  Sent to Milton's court and trial began on 4 June 1929 under a Sessions Judge in Delhi Jail.  The trial of the case ended on 10 June 1929 and on 12 June the Sessions Judge gave a 41-page judgment in which both the accused were sentenced to life imprisonment.  And what caught everyone's attention during this entire hearing was Bhagat Singh's disinterest in defending himself.  After life imprisonment, Bhagat Singh was sent to Miyanwali Jail and Batukeshwar Dutt to Lahore Jail.

After this, an appeal was made to the High Court for this case to spread his thoughts more widely among the countrymen and during the hearing of that appeal, Bhagat Singh again conveyed his ideas to the countrymen and gradually people started following them.  Started.  Bhagat Singh's goal was largely successful.

On 13 January 1930, while upholding the decision of the Sessions Judge, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Hunger strike in jail by Bhagat Singh (15 June 1929 – 5 October 1929)
During the assembly bomb case trial, Bhagat Singh and Dutt were placed in the European class.  Bhagat was treated well there, but Bhagat was one of the people who lived for all.  In the prison there, he went on a hunger strike on 15 June 1929 to protest against the mistreatment and discrimination faced by Indian prisoners.  He also wrote a letter to the officer of Miyawali Jail on June 17, 1929, regarding his change from one jail to another.  His demand was legal, so in the last week of June he was shifted to Lahore Central Jail.  At that time he was on hunger strike.  Due to hunger, his condition had become such that a stretcher was used to take him to the cell.

Preliminary proceedings began on 10 July 1929 in the court of Shri Krishna, the Magistrate of Lahore.  In that hearing Bhagat and Batukeshwar Dutt were brought on a stretcher.  Seeing this, there was an outcry in the whole country.  In sympathy with their comrades, the fellow accused in Bosterl's prison announced a fast.  Yatindra Nath Das joined the hunger strike after 4 days.

On 14 July 1929, Bhagat Singh sent a letter of his demands to the Home Members of the Government of India, in which the following demands were made:-

As political prisoners, we should also be given good food, so the standard of our food should also be like European prisoners.  We do not ask for the same dosage, but the dosage level.

We should not be compelled to do honorable work in jails in the name of effort.

There should be facility to take reading and writing material without any restriction on pre-approval (which are approved by the jail authorities).

Every political prisoner should get at least one daily paper.
Every prison should have a ward for political prisoners, which should have facilities to fulfill all the requirements that Europeans have and all political prisoners living in a prison should live in the same ward.

There should be facilities for bathing.

You should get good clothes.

U.P.  The recommendation of Shri Jagatnarayan and Khan Bahadur Hafiz Hidayat Ali Hussain in the Prison Reforms Committee that political prisoners should be treated like prisoners of good class should be implemented on us.

The hunger strike had become a matter of honor for the government.  Here Bhagat's weight was also decreasing by 5 pounds every day.  On 2 September 1929, the government set up the Jail Inquiry Committee.

On September 13, along with Bhagat Singh, the whole country was engulfed in pain and drenched with tears when Bhagat Singh's friend and colleague Yatindranath Das was martyred in a hunger strike.

On the martyrdom of Yatindranath Das, there was a feeling of outrage in the whole country.  Here the government was troubled by this hunger strike.  Both the government and the leaders of the country wanted to stop this hunger strike in their own ways.  For this purpose, the jail committee appointed by the government sent its recommendations to the government.  Bhagat Singh was apprehensive that his demands would be accepted to a great extent.  Bhagat Singh said that we are ready to break the hunger strike on the condition that all of us should be given an opportunity to do this together.  The government agreed to this.

On 5 October 1929, Bhagat Singh ended his 114-day historic strike by eating lentil phulka along with his comrades.

Bhagat Singh sentenced to death
The British government wanted to end this case (Lahore Conspiracy) at the earliest by giving it a final touch.  For this purpose, on 1 May 1930, the Governor General Lord Irwin issued an order.  Accordingly, a Special Tribunal of 3 judges was appointed.  Which had the right that in the absence of the accused, it could decide the trial ex-parte without the presence of the cleaning lawyers and the cleaning witnesses and in the absence of the examination of the government witnesses.  On 5 May 1930, the trial of the Lahore Conspiracy Case started before this tribunal.

After the boycott of this tribunal on 13 May 1930, again a new tribunal was formed in which Justice G.  C. Hilton – President, Justice Abdul Qadir – Member, Justice J.  Of.  Tap was a member.  The same tribunal gave a one-sided decision on the morning of 7 October 1930.  This judgment was of 68 pages, in which Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged, Kamal Nath Tiwari, Vijaykumar Sinha, Jaidev Kapoor, Shiv Verma, Gayaprasad, Kishorilal and Mahavir Singh got the punishment of black water for life.  Kundal Lal was sentenced to 7 years and Prem Dutt was sentenced to 3 years.

It was absolutely certain from the attitude of the government that whatever happens, it will definitely hang Bhagat Singh.  An appeal was made against this decision in the Privy Council in November 1930.  But this too was of no use.

On March 24, 1931, it was decided to hang Bhagat Singh.  But to avoid the mass revolt, the government hanged Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev at 7.33 pm on 23 March 1931 and these great immortal personalities were martyred for instilling the feeling of patriotism among their countrymen.

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Why Republic Day is celebrated in India

  

Republic Day 

Not knowing how many freedom fighters have given their lives to make India a free country.  For many years our fighters faced the British to get the status of a republic for India.  At the same time, in the end, the British government had to bow before the heroes of our country and they had to leave our country.  It seems easy to win this struggle, in fact, behind this struggle, many people have sacrificed their lives.  Even after liberating India, there was another challenge before the leaders of our country and that was the challenge.  To make India a strong country.  To a large extent, his hard work has also worked in making India a strong country and today India has the image of a powerful country in the world.

At the same time, this year we are going to celebrate our 69th Republic Day.  Republic Day is celebrated in our country on 26 January.  26 January has been of great importance during the fight for India's independence.  That's why in our country this day was chosen to make it Republic Day.  After all, what happened on this day, this day has become such an important day for the independence of India and why is it celebrated, on this day we are going to give you information about Republic Day.

Importance of 26 January in the History of India (Why 26 January Is A Special Day In India's History)

On 26 January, our whole country came under the Constitution.  At the same time, the constitution was made effective on this day because on this day in the year 1930, Congress had announced to give 'Purna Swaraj' to India.  After which India could be made an independent country in the year 1947 while fighting with the British rule.  After this, the constitution was prepared for how to run our country and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar had an important role in preparing it.  It took two years, eleven months and eighteen days to prepare it.  It was completed on 26 November 1949.  After which it was brought in place of Government of India Act, 1935 on 26 January 1950.

26, January function

This day is celebrated in every school and colleges of the country and a day before the tricolor, the national flag of India is hoisted in the schools.  Various programs are presented by the children.  On this proud day, tricolor hoisting and various patriotic programs are organized at all important places of the country.

26, january parade rajpath

On this day the President of India hoists the flag of his country in Delhi and it is customary to salute him with 21 guns.  After which the tableau of their state is taken out by the states of India on the Rajpath.  In these tableaux, each state shows about its state's costume and its culture.

At the same time, the three armies of India also take out their tableaux and tell about the power of India to the whole world including the countrymen.  Many people and leaders attend this parade to be held in the capital.  At the same time, before starting this program, the Prime Minister of the country pays homage to the heroes of our country by visiting Amar Jyoti.

Chief Guest Of Republic Day 2019

To make this day more special, every year some politician from other country is invited as a guest.  At the same time, in the year 1950, India first invited the President of Indonesia and his name was Sukarno.  In the year 2017, an invitation was sent to the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi for this day and Sheikh Mohammed bin Zaid Al Nahyan visited India on the occasion.  This year too, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa will be the chief guest of India's 70th Republic Day program to join India's celebration of this day.

Republic day security arrangements

Every year, a few days before the Republic Day, security arrangements are tightened in Delhi.  These security arrangements also cause a little trouble to the people.  But there is no accident on this day, so it is very important to make these arrangements.

Republic day closing ceremony 2021
On January 29, in the evening at Vijay Chowk, the three armies of the country conclude this program in the presence of the President.  At the same time, many people are also present there on this occasion to see the Beating Retreat ceremony by the army.  Various regiments of the army conclude the event by playing pipe and drum bands, buglers and trumpeters.  A tune like 'Saare Jahan Se Achcha' is played by the army.  This event is known as the Beating Retreat Ceremony.

facts about republic day
Below we are going to tell you some amazing facts related to Republic Day, about which you will hardly know before and these main information are as follows –

During 1950 to 1954, Republic Day celebrations were organized at various places in Delhi.  The celebration of this day at Rajpath was started from the year 1955.

Due to the death of former Prime Minister of the country Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966, no one was invited as the chief guest on this day.

The Constitution of India consists of a total of 448 articles, 12 schedules and 25 parts, which makes the constitution of our country the largest written constitution in the world.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has the status of father of the Indian Constitution.  The constitution of our country was prepared by him.  At the same time, the glory of the first President of India was increased by Rajendra Prasad.

This happened for the first time in the history of India when the country's President S.  Due to the ill health of Radhakrishnan, he could not take the salute on Republic Day.

This time the country's new President Ram Nath Kovind will also take a 21-gun salute while performing his duty.  Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of our country in order and he has recently taken over this post.

The Congress declared 26 January 1930 as 'Independence Day'.  But, in 1947, 15 August came out as the official Independence Day.  After which the new Indian Constitution was implemented on 26 January 1950, to make the 1930 manifesto memorable.
 The main program of this day is the distribution of awards like Param Vir Chakra, Ashok Chakra and Vir Chakra to the soldiers of India to honor their valor.

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How To Make Money With Dream11 (2021)

Dream11 game

If you want to know in detail about how to earn money from Dream11, then you have come to the right site.  Dream11 is a very popular and good money earning game, and you people probably have seen the advertisement of this app almost everywhere whether it is TV or YouTube video, but do you want to know in detail about how to earn money from Dream11?  Yes, if yes then read this article till the end.

Dream11 is a Fantasy game in which you have to predict which cricket team will win, if your prediction is correct then you win money from this Dream11 App.  This question must have come in the mind of most of you, whether this Dream11 really gives money or not, then let us tell you that yes of course it really gives you money if your prediction is correct.  So let's know about how to earn money from Dream11.

What is Dream 11?

Dream11 is India's best and popular Fantasy Sports App in present times, if you have good knowledge of cricket game, then you can earn lakhs of rupees sitting at home by participating in Dream11 game.  On the advertisement of Dream11 Fantasy App, you must have seen many other big cricket players along with former India cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni and you can guess from this how safe it is.

In this Dream11 game you have to make predictions of cricket game, suppose KKR match with RCB is going on, then you have to first select a team in this app, which team will win from these two teams,  After that you have to select the player, if the player selected by you score well, then you win money from this Dream11 app.

How to earn money from Dream11?

 

If you are thinking that you can earn lakhs of rupees by playing this game, then you are wrong because with this game you can earn not only lakhs of rupees, but ₹ 1000 or ₹ 50,000 easily.  For Pari, let us tell you that in order to earn money from this game, you people have to invest some money on your own.

Whether you win money from this Dream11 or not depends only on your cricket team selection, because if the team selected by you ranks well, only then you can win money from this game otherwise not.  With the help of Dream11 game, you can earn money by playing Fantasy games and with the help of Refer and Earn.

Step 1:- If you want to earn money from Dream11, then you have to first download Dream11 from the official site of Dream11.  If you want, you can also download the app by clicking on the download button below.

Download
Step 2:- After downloading the Dream11 game, you have to click on the register, and then create an account by verifying the phone number and email id on Dream11.

Step 3:- After creating an account on Dream11, some bonus points will be added on your account immediately, which you can use while playing fantasy games on this app.

Step 4:- To earn money from Dream11, you have to open Dream11's app, then you will get to see a lot of matches, you have to click on any match you want to participate in.

Step 5:- After clicking on the match, you have to select the team, which team you think will win.  Once you've selected the team, you'll also need to select the player.

Step 6:- After that you have to click on Join Contest, and then you will have to pay the contest money, you can give the money of Fantasy Game Contest through Paytm or UPI ID.

Step 7:- After joining the contest, if your team and players rank well in the match, then you will win money from Dream11.

Step 8:- And remember that you do not get as much money as you have been told in Dream11, but you get money according to your ranking on this app.

Above we have told you all about how to earn money from Dream 11 Fantasy Game, if you have good knowledge about cricket player and match then you can earn money from Dream11 very easily.  Whatever money you earn from Dream11 Game, you can also withdraw it directly to your bank or Paytm account.

How to earn money from Dream11 by referring

On Dream11 game, you can earn good money from this game not only by playing Cable Fantasy Game, but also by inviting your friends with the help of Refer & Earn, many times referral bonus of up to ₹ 200 for inviting friends  can also be seen.  So let's earn money by referring to Dream11 -

Step 1:- First of all you have to open Dream11 app.

Step 2:- After the Dream11 App is opened, you have to click on the Refer & Earn option.

Step 3:- After clicking on Refer & Earn option, we will go to another page where we will get to see our referral link and code.

Step 4:- After getting the referral link, we have to share that link to our friends, and when friend download any app from our referral link then we will get to see more than ₹ 200 bonus amount.

How To Make Money With Dream11 (Tips)

You must know that how to earn money from Dream11 but do you really want to earn money from Dream11 fantasy game, if yes then you should take care of some things like -

Before selecting any team, know about that team very well.

In this game, you are given money according to the ranking of the player, so whatever player you select in the team, before that, check the performance of that player thoroughly.

If you have more than one who's who then you can salute the team individually this will increase your chances of winning.

The player who is performing well, you will try to add them to the team.

Dream11 game rules and points system

1)When you select a captain in Dream11, then the point of that captain is doubled i.e. 2x.

2) The Vice Captain's point is 1½.

3) If the bowler you have taken in the team of Dream11, if that bowler dismisses a batsman, then you get 10 points.

4) When the batsman scores 1 run then you get to see points.

5) When the fielder of your team catches and dismisses a player, then he gets 4 points.

6) Scoring 4 runs in cricket gets 0.5 points and if someone scores 6 runs, he gets only 1 point.

(Conclusion:)
Hope you liked today's article on how to earn money from Dream11.  On this article, we have told you all in detail about how to earn money from dream11, if you have good knowledge of cricket then you can earn good money through this article.

If you have any query regarding this article How to earn money from Dream11 then you feel free to comment us in below comment box

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Mahatma Gandhi Biography

Mahatma Gandhi 

Born: October 2, 1869, Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency- (now Gujarat)

Died: 30 January 1948, Delhi

Work/Achievements: Played the most important role in the freedom movement

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent political leader of the Indian independence movement.  By following the principles of Satyagraha and non-violence, he played an important role in getting India's independence.  These principles of his inspired people all over the world for civil rights and freedom movement.  He is also called the Father of the Nation of India.  In 1944, Subhash Chandra Bose addressed him as 'Father of the Nation' in the broadcast in the name of Gandhiji from Rangoon Radio.

Mahatma Gandhi is an example for the entire human race.  He followed non-violence and truth in every situation and asked people to follow them also.  He lived his life in virtue.  He always used to wear traditional Indian dress dhoti and shawl made of cotton.  This great man, who always eats vegetarian food, also kept long fasts for self-purification many times.

Before coming back to India in 1915, Gandhi fought for the civil rights of the Indian community in South Africa as an expatriate lawyer.  Coming to India, he toured the whole country and united the farmers, laborers and workers to fight against heavy land tax and discrimination.  In 1921, he took over the reins of the Indian National Congress and influenced the political, social and economic scenario of the country through his actions.  He gained a lot of fame with the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and then the 'Quit India' movement in 1942.  Gandhiji also imprisoned him for many years on several occasions during India's freedom struggle.

early life

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal city in Gujarat, India.  His father Karamchand Gandhi was the Diwan of a small princely state (Porbandar) of Kathiawar during the British Raj.  Mohandas's mother Putlibai Paranami belonged to the Vaish community and was highly religious, which influenced young Mohandas and these values ​​later played an important role in his life.  She used to observe fast regularly and when someone in the family fell ill, she used to do service day and night in Susrusha.  Thus Mohandas naturally embraced non-violence, vegetarianism, a vow for self-purification and mutual tolerance among those professing different religions and sects.

In 1883, at the age of 13 and a half, he was married to 14-year-old Kasturba.  When Mohandas was 15 years old, his first child was born but he lived only a few days.  His father Karamchand Gandhi also passed away in the same year (1885).  Later, Mohandas and Kasturba had four children – Harilal Gandhi (1888), Manilal Gandhi (1892), Ramdas Gandhi (1897) and Devdas Gandhi (1900).

He had his middle school education in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot.  Mohandas remained an average student at the academic level.  In 1887, he passed the matriculation examination from Ahmedabad.  After this, Mohandas joined Shamaldas College in Bhavnagar, but due to ill health and home disconnection, he remained unhappy and left the college and went back to Porbandar.

Abroad education and advocacy

Mohandas was the most educated in his family, so his family members believed that he could become the successor (diwan) of his father and uncle.  Mavji Dave, a family friend of his, gave such advice that once Mohandas became a barrister from London, he could easily get the title of Diwan.  His mother Putlibai and other family members opposed his idea of ​​going abroad but agreed to Mohandas's assurance.  In the year 1888, Mohandas went to England to study law at University College London and became a barrister.

He spent his time in London according to the promise given to his mother.  There he had a lot of difficulty related to eating vegetarian and had to go hungry many times in the initial days.  Gradually he found out about restaurants with vegetarian food.  After this he also took membership of 'Vegetarian Society'.  Some members of this society were also members of Theosophical Society and they suggested Mohandas to read the Gita.
Gandhi returned to India in June 1891 and came to know about his mother's death there.  He started advocacy in Bombay but did not get much success.  After this he went to Rajkot where he started writing cases for the needy, but after some time he had to leave this work too.

Finally, in 1893, he accepted the work of advocacy from an Indian firm in Natal (South Africa) on a one-year contract.

Gandhi in South Africa (1893–1914)
Gandhi reached South Africa at the age of 24.  He had gone there as a judicial advisor to some Indian businessmen based in Pretoria.  He spent 21 years of his life in South Africa where his political thought and leadership skills developed.  He faced severe racial discrimination in South Africa.  Once he was thrown out of the train for refusing to go into the third class compartment once the train had a valid ticket for the first class coach.  All these events became a turning point in his life and became a cause of awareness about the prevailing social and political injustice.  In view of the injustice being done to Indians in South Africa, questions related to the respect of Indians under the British Empire and their own identity began to arise in their mind.

In South Africa, Gandhiji inspired Indians to fight for their political and social rights.  He also raised the issue of citizenship of Indians with the South African government and actively motivated the British authorities to recruit Indians in the Zulu War of 1906.  According to Gandhi, Indians should cooperate in the British war effort in order to legalize their citizenship claims.

 Struggle of Indian Freedom Struggle (1916–1945)
Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in the year 1914.  By this time, Gandhi had become a nationalist leader and organizer.  He came to India at the behest of liberal Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale and in the early stages Gandhi's ideas were largely influenced by Gokhale's ideas.  Initially Gandhi visited different parts of the country and tried to understand political, economic and social issues.

Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

The movements in Champaran in Bihar and Kheda in Gujarat brought Gandhi the first political success in India.  British zamindars in Champaran used to force farmers to cultivate indigo instead of food crops and used to buy crops at cheap prices, which worsened the condition of the farmers.  Due to this they were surrounded by extreme poverty.  After a devastating famine, the British government imposed repressive taxes, the burden of which increased day by day.  Overall the situation was very disappointing.  Gandhiji led protests and strikes against the landlords, after which the demands of the poor and farmers were accepted.

In the year 1918, Kheda in Gujarat was hit by floods and drought, due to which the condition of farmers and poor became worse and people started demanding tax waiver.  In Kheda, under the guidance of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel led the farmers to discuss this problem with the British.  After this, the British released all the prisoners by giving them freedom from revenue collection.  Thus after Champaran and Kheda, Gandhi's fame spread across the country and he emerged as an important leader of the freedom movement.

Khilafat Movement

Gandhiji got an opportunity to increase his popularity within the Congress and among the Muslims through the Khilafat movement.  The Khilafat was a worldwide movement by which Muslims from all over the world were protesting the falling dominance of the Caliphate.  The Ottoman Empire was fragmented after its defeat in World War I, due to which Muslims were concerned about the security of their religion and religious places.  The Khilafat in India was being led by the 'All India Muslim Conference'.  Gradually Gandhi became its chief spokesperson.  He returned the honors and medals given by the British to express solidarity with the Indian Muslims.  After this Gandhi became the only leader of not only the Congress but the country whose influence was on the people of different communities.

non cooperation movement
Gandhiji believed that the British rule in India was possible only with the cooperation of the Indians and if we all together non-cooperation against the British on everything, then freedom is possible.  Gandhi's growing popularity had made him the biggest leader of the Congress and now he was in a position to use weapons like non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful retaliation against the British.  Meanwhile, the Jallianwala massacre inflicted a huge blow on the country, which ignited the flames of anger and violence among the people.

Gandhiji called for the Swadeshi policy in which foreign goods, especially English goods, were to be boycotted.  He said that all Indians should wear Khadi made by our own people instead of clothes made by the British.  He asked men and women to spin yarn daily.  Apart from this, Mahatma Gandhi also requested the boycott of British educational institutions and courts, quitting government jobs and returning the honor and honor received from the British government.

The non-cooperation movement was getting immense success, which increased enthusiasm and participation in all sections of the society, but in February 1922, it ended with the Chauri-Chaura incident.  After this violent incident, Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement.  He was arrested and tried for sedition in which he was sentenced to six years imprisonment.  He was released by the government in February 1924 due to ill health.

Swaraj and Salt Satyagraha
After his arrest during the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi was released in February 1924 and remained away from active politics till 1928.  During this time he was engaged in reducing the estrangement between the Swaraj Party and the Congress, besides fighting against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.

At the same time, the British government formed a new constitutional reform commission for India under the leadership of Sir John Simon, but none of its members were Indian, due to which Indian political parties boycotted it.  After this, in the Calcutta session of December 1928, Gandhiji asked the British government to provide power to the Indian Empire and if not, be prepared to face the non-cooperation movement for the independence of the country.  On December 31, 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore after the British did not respond and the Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as Indian Independence Day.

After this Gandhiji launched Salt Satyagraha in protest against the imposition of tax on salt by the government, under which he traveled from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat, about 388 kilometers from 12 March to 6 April.  The purpose of this journey was to produce salt itself.  Thousands of Indians participated in this yatra and were successful in distracting the British government.  During this, the government arrested more than 60 thousand people and sent them to jail.

After this, the government represented by Lord Irwin decided to hold discussions with Gandhi, which resulted in the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in March 1931.  Under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners.  As a result of this agreement, Gandhi participated in the Round Table Conference held in London as the sole representative of the Congress, but this conference was very disappointing for the Congress and other nationalists.  After this Gandhi was again arrested and the government tried to crush the nationalist movement.

In 1934, Gandhi resigned from the membership of the Congress.  Instead of political activities, he focused on building the nation 'from the lowest level' through 'constructive programmes'.  He started the work of educating rural India, continuing the movement against untouchability, promoting spinning, weaving and other cottage industries, and creating an education system suited to the needs of the people.

Harijan Movement
As a result of the efforts of Dalit leader BR Ambedkar, the British government allowed separate electorates for the untouchables under a new constitution.  Gandhiji, who was lodged in Yerwada Jail, observed a six-day fast in September 1932 in protest against this and forced the government to adopt a similar system (Poona Pact).  This was the beginning of the campaign launched by Gandhiji to improve the lives of the untouchables.  On 8 May 1933, Gandhi observed a 21-day fast for self-purification and began a one-year campaign to further the Harijan movement.  Dalit leaders like Ambedkar were not pleased with this movement and condemned Gandhi's use of the word Harijan for Dalits.

World War II and 'Quit India Movement'
At the beginning of the Second World War, Gandhi was in favor of giving 'non-violent moral support' to the British, but many Congress leaders were unhappy that the government had thrown the country into war without consulting the representatives of the people.  Gandhi declared that on the one hand India was being denied independence and on the other hand India was being drawn into the war for the victory of democratic forces.  As the war progressed, Gandhiji and the Congress intensified the demand for 'Quit India' movement.

'Quit India' became the most powerful movement in the struggle for independence, which saw widespread violence and arrests.  Thousands of freedom fighters were either killed or injured in this struggle and thousands were also arrested.  Gandhi had made it clear that he would not support the British war effort until India was given immediate independence.  He had also said that this movement would not stop despite personal violence.  He believed that the government anarchy prevailing in the country is more dangerous than the real anarchy.  Gandhiji asked all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline with do or die with non-violence.

Why Republic Day is celebrated in India

As everyone anticipated, the British government arrested Gandhiji and all the members of the Congress Working Committee in Mumbai on 9 August 1942 and Gandhiji was taken to the Aanga Khan Palace in Pune where he was imprisoned for two years.  Meanwhile, his wife Kasturba Gandhi died on 22 February 1944 and after some time Gandhiji also suffered from malaria.

The British could not leave him in jail in this condition, so he was released on 6 May 1944 for necessary treatment.  Despite partial success, the Quit India movement organized India and by the end of World War II, the British government had given a clear indication that power would soon be handed over to the Indians.  Gandhiji ended the Quit India Movement and the government released about 1 lakh political prisoners.

Partition and independence of the country
As stated earlier, by the end of the Second World War, the British Government had signaled the independence of the country.  Along with the freedom movement of India, the demand for a 'separate Muslim majority country' (Pakistan) under Jinnah's leadership also intensified and in the 40s these forces made the demand for a separate nation 'Pakistan' in reality.  had changed.  Gandhiji did not want the partition of the country because it was completely different from his principle of religious unity, but this did not happen and the British divided the country into two pieces – India and Pakistan.

Gandhi's assassination
On 30 January 1948, the Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 pm at Birla House in Delhi.  Gandhiji was on his way to address a prayer meeting when his assassin Nathuram Godse fired three bullets into his chest.  It is believed that 'Hey Ram' was the last word that came out of his mouth.  Nathuram Godse and his associate were tried and sentenced to death in 1949.

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